Customer Relationship Management, or CRM, is an essential part of modern business management. Customer Relationship Management concerns the relationship between the organization and its customers. Customers are the lifeblood of any organization be it a global corporation with thousands of employees and a multi-billion turnover, or a sole trader with a handful of regular customers. Customer Relationship Management is the same in principle for these two examples - it is the scope of CRM which can vary drastically.
Successful organizations use three steps to build customer relationships:
• determine mutually satisfying goals between organization and customers
• establish and maintain customer rapport
• produce positive feelings in the organization and the customers
The organization and the customers both have sets of conditions to consider when building the relationship, such as wants and needs of both parties;
• organizations need to make a profit to survive and grow
• customers want good service, a quality product and an acceptable price
Good CRM can influence both sets of conditions.
The ultimate purpose of CRM, like any organizational initiative, is to increase profit. In the case of CRM this is achieved mainly by providing a better service to your customers than your competitors. CRM not only improves the service to customers though; a good CRM capability will also reduce costs, wastage, and complaints (although you may see some increase initially, simply because you hear about things that without CRM would have stayed hidden). Effective CRM also reduces staff stress, because attrition - a major cause of stress - reduces as services and relationships improve. CRM enables instant market research as well: opening the lines of communications with your customers gives you direct constant market reaction to your products, services and performance, far better than any market survey. Good CRM also helps you grow your business: customers stay with you longer; customer churn rates reduce; referrals to new customers increase from increasing numbers of satisfied customers; demand reduces on fire-fighting and trouble-shooting staff, and overall the organization's service flows and teams work more efficiently and more happily.
There is little doubt that CRM is a high growth market. It is an area in which executives are doing everything they can to build a strong partner network. IBM has become a leader in CRM market with the launch of new products and services. Earlier this year, IBM announced that its joint sales revenues with mid-market independent software vendors reached US$1 billion worldwide.
The preceeding post might have cast a shadow over IBM’s capabilities in the CRM and outsourcing space, but here is some cheer for the company: In terms of business opportunities, IBM is making serious headway in the CRM space through strategic tie-ups with SMB partners. The CRM market has huge growth opportunities and IBM is cultivating a useful partner network, including links with industry biggies such as Siebel (now acquired by Oracle) and SAP.
If you are responsible for the deployment an effective CRM system in your company, the least you can expect from your vendor is deployment of the system within a set time frame and within the allocated budget. It is only after these two prerequisites that the CRM software can emerge as a true winner in the long run.
However, what do you do if your vendor is unable to complete its side of the agreement? For a start, you have to go in the red by allocating an extra budget. Then, you have to explain the time overrun to your superiors. When you eventually deploy the CRM system, you might well have lost out on several selling points. This is exactly the scenario with Vodofone, who selected IBM to provide CRM, billing, and provisioning systems “down under”.
The CRM deployment is a key strategic platform in IBM’s e-business infrastructure, and there are plans for further expansion and enhancement. “As a result of this ongoing initiative, we have developed tried-and-tested strategies for achieving the goals of CRM on an unprecedented scale,” said Wright. “We can offer our clients a set of unique skills and insights into how to leverage CRM technology and processes to serve customers better. We’ve proved we can build complex customer contact management environments and help global companies establish worldwide processes around intelligent data management and marketing. As a result, many companies can now benefit from our experience.”
Jumat, 17 Desember 2010
The Bullwhip Effect in Grocery Store and Other Company
The bullwhip effect is when a company (like a grocery store) receives far more or less inventory than it needs. For example, a Finnish grocery store found that customer demand for laundry detergent fluctuated by up to 10 percent every week, but the store received more than twice the stock it needed to replenish it. The causes include a lack of visibility into the supply chain--for example, not seeing that replenishment stock is en route and so placing an unnecessary order. The solution is visibility into the supply chain, something technologies like radio-frequency identification (RFID) enable.
The bullwhip effect as being that "information about the final customer's actual demand is often distorted from one end of the supply chain to the other." The supply chain is that long stream of manufacturers, distributors, wholesalers, logistics companies, and so forth that handle a product on its way to the customer. The consequences are excess inventory or not enough inventory. Excess inventory forces a company to sell that inventory at discounted prices. With too little inventory, a company risks losing customers or paying high prices to expedite a replenishment order, which drives profits down.
The supply chain has its own ordering routines, reorder points, and quantities. So a retailer may order 10 percent replenishment inventory, but the number becomes distorted as it passes up the supply chain. Ordering to forecasts, rather than to actual need, distorts inventory as well. A company that orders what it thinks it will need rather than what it actually needs will likely end up with too much or too little inventory. (This is difficult to avoid in seasonal goods, such as Christmas decorations.) A retailer may also inflate its orders during a shortage, only to find that a shortage was short-lived.
Other example : have examined HP’s past global inventory problems with inkjet printers; Cisco’s global collaboration in developing and outsourcing production of a new telecom router; Starbucks’ “green” coffee-buying practices; Zappos.com’s offerings of a wide selection of shoes and strong customer service; Renault’s optimization of customs and duties in developing economies; and IDS Group’s “value chain logistics” in distributing its customers’ goods throughout Asia.(Corporate members include Cisco, Dow Chemicals, HP, Intel, Safeway, and Toyota.)
"Bullwhip" effect occurs because demand information passed along the supply chain up the process of being constantly misinterpreted. Products distribution business to become the retailer orders the victim of exaggerated; turn it further exaggerated orders to suppliers.
"Bullwhip effect" generated in the supply chain leading to excess inventory. The study shows that the entire supply chain, from product left the manufacturer's production line and their arrival at the retailer shelves, the product of the average inventory for more than 100 days. Distorted demand information in the supply chain have a corresponding increase in each individual stock. The report estimates that more than 300 billion dollars the United States have deposited in the food supply chain, other sectors of the economy is not the same. "Bullwhip effect" also resulted in poor production forecast. Unable to deal with the backlog of orders in a timely manner, increasing the uncertainty of production planning, such as too many amendments to the scheme and increase the cost of remedial measures, overtime costs and speed up transport costs.
"Bullwhip" effect causes
1. Update demand forecast
In order to arrange the production schedule, plan production, control inventory and planning material requirements, supply chain companies usually predict product demand. The forecast is usually based on direct contact with corporate customers to purchase history of. When the downstream firm order, the upstream firm's manager will put the information as to future product demand signal processing. Based on this signal, the upstream manager will adjust the demand forecast, while upstream firm will increase its supplier order, to make appropriate adjustments. Therefore, this demand signal processing is "bullwhip" effect in the main.
2. Bulk Order
In the supply chain, each company will report to the upstream firm orders, and would have a certain degree of monitoring inventory. As the storage of materials in the exhaust, the firm can not immediately get supplies from its suppliers, therefore, enterprises frequently carry out bulk orders, before the re-issue subscription to maintain a certain stock. High transport costs also hinder the company one of the obstacles frequently orders. Truck load full load, the lowest unit cost of transportation, so when ordering from the supplier companies, they will tend to order large quantities to reduce the unit cost of transportation.
3. Price volatility
Price volatility will lead to early to buy. Manufacturers typically conduct periodic promotions, such as price discounts, quantity discounts, coupons, etc., these concessions are essentially an indirect price concessions. Manufacturing business will lead to price ahead of its distributors to purchase the required products, to buy early for the Jieguo yes the number of customers purchased Bingbufanying their real-time requirements, Zhexie quantities sufficient for their Qianglaiyiduan Shijianshiyong.
This promotion is on the supply chain may be costly. When the price of the manufacturer at low levels (through discounts or other promotional tactics), customers often need to buy much larger than their actual number; when the manufacturer's price returned to normal levels, customer inventory because there is sufficient, so before being depleted of their stock, they will not buy. Results, customer buying patterns and do not reflect their consumption / spending patterns, and fluctuations in the number of its purchase of volatile than the consumption, resulting in "bullwhip" effect.
4. Limited supply and short game
When the product is in short supply, manufacturers often order according to the number of customers in accordance with a certain proportion of limited supply, the customer will be exaggerated in order when the actual demand; when the shortage eased, the order volume will suddenly drop, while a large number of customers will cancel their orders. Limited supply of potential for the game, customers will generate over-reaction. The result of this game can not distinguish between suppliers in the number of such growth is due to the increased market demand for real, how many retailers fear a limited supply of inflated, and therefore can not be obtained from the customer's order in the case of the product demand true information.
How to solve the "bullwhip" effect
Understand the "bullwhip effect" causes to help managers develop effective strategies to reduce its impact. In different industries, some innovative companies found that they could supply chain with suppliers to share information, coordinate and adjust the plan to control the "bullwhip" effect. The company is how to eliminate the cause "bullwhip" effect in the cause?
1. Avoid the use of a variety of ways update demand forecasts
To avoid double handling of the data supply chain is one way to get downstream to upstream business needs of enterprise information. Thus, upstream and downstream enterprises of the original according to the same information to update their forecasts. For example, computer manufacturers will ask the distributor to the retailer central warehouse product back out of the feedback database. Although these data do not point of sale data from retailers, less comprehensive, but this is better than sending out the goods after the goods have lost the information much better. Now IBM, HP and Apple and other companies in the contract will ask the retailers to return the data feedback.
2. Break bulk orders
As the bulk order will have a "bullwhip" effect, so companies should adjust their ordering policy, the implementation of small quantities, several times the purchase order or mode of supply. Preference for high-volume business, the reasons for the low frequency of procurement strategy is the procurement cost, transportation cost. In fact, even through the EDI order costs can greatly decrease the efficiency but the order will still be limited by the full load or not. Now, many manufacturers are encouraging their distributors also order a variety of different products.
3. Price stability
Control as advance purchase or change caused by the "bullwhip effect" is the best way to reduce the frequency and extent of the discount wholesalers. Manufacturers through the development of a stable price strategy to reduce the incentive to buy early. When the business district and promotions, some retailers will be a large number of procurement in the region, and then put those products to other regions. Activity-based costing system can accurately calculate inventory, special handling and transportation costs, therefore, such systems can help enterprises everyday low price strategy.
4. Elimination Game behavior under shortage
When faced with shortage of supply, suppliers can sell to customer records for the previous limit of supply, rather than the quantity ordered, so that you can prevent the supply of customers to get more exaggerate your order.
The bullwhip effect as being that "information about the final customer's actual demand is often distorted from one end of the supply chain to the other." The supply chain is that long stream of manufacturers, distributors, wholesalers, logistics companies, and so forth that handle a product on its way to the customer. The consequences are excess inventory or not enough inventory. Excess inventory forces a company to sell that inventory at discounted prices. With too little inventory, a company risks losing customers or paying high prices to expedite a replenishment order, which drives profits down.
The supply chain has its own ordering routines, reorder points, and quantities. So a retailer may order 10 percent replenishment inventory, but the number becomes distorted as it passes up the supply chain. Ordering to forecasts, rather than to actual need, distorts inventory as well. A company that orders what it thinks it will need rather than what it actually needs will likely end up with too much or too little inventory. (This is difficult to avoid in seasonal goods, such as Christmas decorations.) A retailer may also inflate its orders during a shortage, only to find that a shortage was short-lived.
Other example : have examined HP’s past global inventory problems with inkjet printers; Cisco’s global collaboration in developing and outsourcing production of a new telecom router; Starbucks’ “green” coffee-buying practices; Zappos.com’s offerings of a wide selection of shoes and strong customer service; Renault’s optimization of customs and duties in developing economies; and IDS Group’s “value chain logistics” in distributing its customers’ goods throughout Asia.(Corporate members include Cisco, Dow Chemicals, HP, Intel, Safeway, and Toyota.)
"Bullwhip" effect occurs because demand information passed along the supply chain up the process of being constantly misinterpreted. Products distribution business to become the retailer orders the victim of exaggerated; turn it further exaggerated orders to suppliers.
"Bullwhip effect" generated in the supply chain leading to excess inventory. The study shows that the entire supply chain, from product left the manufacturer's production line and their arrival at the retailer shelves, the product of the average inventory for more than 100 days. Distorted demand information in the supply chain have a corresponding increase in each individual stock. The report estimates that more than 300 billion dollars the United States have deposited in the food supply chain, other sectors of the economy is not the same. "Bullwhip effect" also resulted in poor production forecast. Unable to deal with the backlog of orders in a timely manner, increasing the uncertainty of production planning, such as too many amendments to the scheme and increase the cost of remedial measures, overtime costs and speed up transport costs.
"Bullwhip" effect causes
1. Update demand forecast
In order to arrange the production schedule, plan production, control inventory and planning material requirements, supply chain companies usually predict product demand. The forecast is usually based on direct contact with corporate customers to purchase history of. When the downstream firm order, the upstream firm's manager will put the information as to future product demand signal processing. Based on this signal, the upstream manager will adjust the demand forecast, while upstream firm will increase its supplier order, to make appropriate adjustments. Therefore, this demand signal processing is "bullwhip" effect in the main.
2. Bulk Order
In the supply chain, each company will report to the upstream firm orders, and would have a certain degree of monitoring inventory. As the storage of materials in the exhaust, the firm can not immediately get supplies from its suppliers, therefore, enterprises frequently carry out bulk orders, before the re-issue subscription to maintain a certain stock. High transport costs also hinder the company one of the obstacles frequently orders. Truck load full load, the lowest unit cost of transportation, so when ordering from the supplier companies, they will tend to order large quantities to reduce the unit cost of transportation.
3. Price volatility
Price volatility will lead to early to buy. Manufacturers typically conduct periodic promotions, such as price discounts, quantity discounts, coupons, etc., these concessions are essentially an indirect price concessions. Manufacturing business will lead to price ahead of its distributors to purchase the required products, to buy early for the Jieguo yes the number of customers purchased Bingbufanying their real-time requirements, Zhexie quantities sufficient for their Qianglaiyiduan Shijianshiyong.
This promotion is on the supply chain may be costly. When the price of the manufacturer at low levels (through discounts or other promotional tactics), customers often need to buy much larger than their actual number; when the manufacturer's price returned to normal levels, customer inventory because there is sufficient, so before being depleted of their stock, they will not buy. Results, customer buying patterns and do not reflect their consumption / spending patterns, and fluctuations in the number of its purchase of volatile than the consumption, resulting in "bullwhip" effect.
4. Limited supply and short game
When the product is in short supply, manufacturers often order according to the number of customers in accordance with a certain proportion of limited supply, the customer will be exaggerated in order when the actual demand; when the shortage eased, the order volume will suddenly drop, while a large number of customers will cancel their orders. Limited supply of potential for the game, customers will generate over-reaction. The result of this game can not distinguish between suppliers in the number of such growth is due to the increased market demand for real, how many retailers fear a limited supply of inflated, and therefore can not be obtained from the customer's order in the case of the product demand true information.
How to solve the "bullwhip" effect
Understand the "bullwhip effect" causes to help managers develop effective strategies to reduce its impact. In different industries, some innovative companies found that they could supply chain with suppliers to share information, coordinate and adjust the plan to control the "bullwhip" effect. The company is how to eliminate the cause "bullwhip" effect in the cause?
1. Avoid the use of a variety of ways update demand forecasts
To avoid double handling of the data supply chain is one way to get downstream to upstream business needs of enterprise information. Thus, upstream and downstream enterprises of the original according to the same information to update their forecasts. For example, computer manufacturers will ask the distributor to the retailer central warehouse product back out of the feedback database. Although these data do not point of sale data from retailers, less comprehensive, but this is better than sending out the goods after the goods have lost the information much better. Now IBM, HP and Apple and other companies in the contract will ask the retailers to return the data feedback.
2. Break bulk orders
As the bulk order will have a "bullwhip" effect, so companies should adjust their ordering policy, the implementation of small quantities, several times the purchase order or mode of supply. Preference for high-volume business, the reasons for the low frequency of procurement strategy is the procurement cost, transportation cost. In fact, even through the EDI order costs can greatly decrease the efficiency but the order will still be limited by the full load or not. Now, many manufacturers are encouraging their distributors also order a variety of different products.
3. Price stability
Control as advance purchase or change caused by the "bullwhip effect" is the best way to reduce the frequency and extent of the discount wholesalers. Manufacturers through the development of a stable price strategy to reduce the incentive to buy early. When the business district and promotions, some retailers will be a large number of procurement in the region, and then put those products to other regions. Activity-based costing system can accurately calculate inventory, special handling and transportation costs, therefore, such systems can help enterprises everyday low price strategy.
4. Elimination Game behavior under shortage
When faced with shortage of supply, suppliers can sell to customer records for the previous limit of supply, rather than the quantity ordered, so that you can prevent the supply of customers to get more exaggerate your order.
Sabtu, 27 November 2010
Review Chapter 4 IT infrastructure : Hardware and Software
Infrastructure Components
Today’s IT infrastructure is composed of five major components: computer hardware, computer software, data management technology, networking and telecommunications technology, and technology services. These components must be coordinated with each other.
• Computer hardware consists of technology for computer processing, data storage, input, and output. This components includes large mainframes, servers, desktop, and laptops computers. And mobile devices for accessing corporate data and the internet.
• Computer software includes both system software and application software. System software manages the resources and activities of the computer and also coordinate the various parts of the computer system and mediates between application software and computer hardware. Application software applies the computer to a spesific task for an and user, such processing an order or generating a mailing list. Application software is used to develop specific business applications. The system software that manages and controls the computer is called the operating system.
• Data management technology, in addition to physical media for storing the firm’s data, businesses need specialized software to organize the data and make them available to business users.
• Networking and telecommunications technology provides data, voice and video connectivity to employees, customers and suppliers. It includes technology for running a company’s internal networks, services from telecommunications/telephone services companies, and technology for running Web sites and linking to other computer systems through the internet.
• Technology services, businesses need people to run and manage the other infrastructure components we have just described and to rain employees in how to use these technologies for their work. Today, many business supplement their in house information systems staff with external technology consultants.
Types of computers or computational
If you’re working alone with a few other people in a small business. You’ll probably be using a desktop or laptop personal computer ( PC). If you’re doing advanced design or engineering work requiring powerfull graphics capabilities, you must use a workstation. If you’re business has a numbers of computers networked together or maintains a web site, it will need a server. Server computers are specifically optimized to support a computer network, enabling users to share files, software, peripheral devices, or other network resources. A mainframe is a large capacity, high performance computer that can process large amounts of data very rapidly. A supercomputer is a specially designed and more sophisticated computer that is used for tasks requiring extremely rapid and complex calculations with thousands of variables, millions of measurements, and thousands of equations. Grid computing involves connecting geographically remote computers into a single network to create a “virtual supercomputer” by combining the computational power of all computers on the grid.
The major computer hardware, data storage, input, and outpur technologies used in business : computers categorized as mainframes, midrange computers, PCs, workstations, or supercomputers. Manframes are the larges computers, midrages computers are servers, PCs are desktop or laptop machines, workstation are desktop machines with powerful mathematical and graphic capabilities, and supercomputers are sophisticated, powerful computers that can perform massive and complex computations rapidly. Computing power can be further increased by creating a computational grid that combines the computing power of all the computers on a network. In the client/server model of computing, computer processing is split between “clients” and “servers” connected via a network.
The principal secondary storage technologies are magnetic disk, optical disk, and magnetic tape. Optical CD-ROM and DVD discs vast amounts of data compactly and some types are rewritable. Storage area networks (SANs) connect multiple storage devices on a separate high-speed network dedicated to storage. The principal input devices are keyboards, computer mice, touch screen, magnetic ink and optical character recognition devices, pen-based instruments, digital scanners, sensors, audio input devices, and radio-frequency identification devices. The principal output devices are display monitors, printers, and audio output devices.
The most important contemporary hardware and software trends:
Increasingly, computing is taking place on a mobile digital platform. Cloud computing provides hardware and software resources as services delivered over the internet. In autonomic computing, computer systems have capabilities for automatically configuring and repairing themselves. Open source software is proliferating because it allows users to modify the software at will and use it as a platform for new derivative applications.
The principal issues in managing hardware and software technology:
Managers and information systems specialists need to pay special attention to hardware capacity planning and scalability to ensure that the firm has enough computing power for its current and future needs. Businesses also need to balance the costs and benefits of building and maintaining their own hardware and software versus outsourcing or using an on-demand computing model. The total cost of ownership (TCO) of the organization’s technology assets includes not only the original cost of computer hardware and software upgrades, maintenance, technical support, and training, including the costs for managing and maintaining mobile devices. Companies with global operations need to manage software localization.
Today’s IT infrastructure is composed of five major components: computer hardware, computer software, data management technology, networking and telecommunications technology, and technology services. These components must be coordinated with each other.
• Computer hardware consists of technology for computer processing, data storage, input, and output. This components includes large mainframes, servers, desktop, and laptops computers. And mobile devices for accessing corporate data and the internet.
• Computer software includes both system software and application software. System software manages the resources and activities of the computer and also coordinate the various parts of the computer system and mediates between application software and computer hardware. Application software applies the computer to a spesific task for an and user, such processing an order or generating a mailing list. Application software is used to develop specific business applications. The system software that manages and controls the computer is called the operating system.
• Data management technology, in addition to physical media for storing the firm’s data, businesses need specialized software to organize the data and make them available to business users.
• Networking and telecommunications technology provides data, voice and video connectivity to employees, customers and suppliers. It includes technology for running a company’s internal networks, services from telecommunications/telephone services companies, and technology for running Web sites and linking to other computer systems through the internet.
• Technology services, businesses need people to run and manage the other infrastructure components we have just described and to rain employees in how to use these technologies for their work. Today, many business supplement their in house information systems staff with external technology consultants.
Types of computers or computational
If you’re working alone with a few other people in a small business. You’ll probably be using a desktop or laptop personal computer ( PC). If you’re doing advanced design or engineering work requiring powerfull graphics capabilities, you must use a workstation. If you’re business has a numbers of computers networked together or maintains a web site, it will need a server. Server computers are specifically optimized to support a computer network, enabling users to share files, software, peripheral devices, or other network resources. A mainframe is a large capacity, high performance computer that can process large amounts of data very rapidly. A supercomputer is a specially designed and more sophisticated computer that is used for tasks requiring extremely rapid and complex calculations with thousands of variables, millions of measurements, and thousands of equations. Grid computing involves connecting geographically remote computers into a single network to create a “virtual supercomputer” by combining the computational power of all computers on the grid.
The major computer hardware, data storage, input, and outpur technologies used in business : computers categorized as mainframes, midrange computers, PCs, workstations, or supercomputers. Manframes are the larges computers, midrages computers are servers, PCs are desktop or laptop machines, workstation are desktop machines with powerful mathematical and graphic capabilities, and supercomputers are sophisticated, powerful computers that can perform massive and complex computations rapidly. Computing power can be further increased by creating a computational grid that combines the computing power of all the computers on a network. In the client/server model of computing, computer processing is split between “clients” and “servers” connected via a network.
The principal secondary storage technologies are magnetic disk, optical disk, and magnetic tape. Optical CD-ROM and DVD discs vast amounts of data compactly and some types are rewritable. Storage area networks (SANs) connect multiple storage devices on a separate high-speed network dedicated to storage. The principal input devices are keyboards, computer mice, touch screen, magnetic ink and optical character recognition devices, pen-based instruments, digital scanners, sensors, audio input devices, and radio-frequency identification devices. The principal output devices are display monitors, printers, and audio output devices.
The most important contemporary hardware and software trends:
Increasingly, computing is taking place on a mobile digital platform. Cloud computing provides hardware and software resources as services delivered over the internet. In autonomic computing, computer systems have capabilities for automatically configuring and repairing themselves. Open source software is proliferating because it allows users to modify the software at will and use it as a platform for new derivative applications.
The principal issues in managing hardware and software technology:
Managers and information systems specialists need to pay special attention to hardware capacity planning and scalability to ensure that the firm has enough computing power for its current and future needs. Businesses also need to balance the costs and benefits of building and maintaining their own hardware and software versus outsourcing or using an on-demand computing model. The total cost of ownership (TCO) of the organization’s technology assets includes not only the original cost of computer hardware and software upgrades, maintenance, technical support, and training, including the costs for managing and maintaining mobile devices. Companies with global operations need to manage software localization.
Sabtu, 06 November 2010
Strengthen customer and supplier intimacy
The basic principle for a business IT strategy is to ensure how to serve the technology business, and not vice versa. Research and business performance has been found that the more successful his IT company in line with business goals, the more profitable and only about a quarter of Management-IT companies achieve kesesejajaran with the business. Strengthen customer and supplier intimacy, is one of four generic strategies. The other generic strategies is low-cost leadership, product differentiation, and focus on market niche. Each of which often is enabled by using information technology and systems. Customer and supplier intimacy strategy use information systems to develop strong ties and loyalty with customers and suppliers. Both of its, customers and suppliers is important to firm.
Using information systems to strengthen suppliers intimacy and develop relationships with customers. Chrysler companies use information systems to facilitate direct access from the supplier to the production schedule, and even allows the supplier to decide how and when the supplier for Chrysler's factories.
Chrysler corporation
Facilitate direct access from supplier to production schedule
Allow suppliers more lead time
Strong linkages to customers and suppliers increase switching cost
Customer intimacy
Companies which committed to improving customer intimacy well aware of the importance to maintain a long-term and deep relationship with the customers, try to making continuous efforts to explore for customer relationship management. Companies to build customer intimacy mainly have the following two ways.
Customization
The core of customization is based on acceptable delivery times and price, to provide customers with personalized
products, not only to win customers but also can effectively achieve the goal of production and sales in market
competition. For customized production, most of the core is to make production and organization in accordance with the market-driven. The basic of market-driven is the details of market and market positioning, actively seeking the
satisfaction and feedback of the target market, and to integrate it into every part of the production chain. Not only clear the current demand of target customers, but also clear the potential needs of customers and meet their requirements. To introduce new products and services to customers that in customized manufacturing, the cost of achieving goods information is unprecedentedly reduced, and they can have free choice and control. Customer’s requirements of difference in the product, reasonable prices, the purchase of convenience, the service attentive and so on can directly face the producers, it achieves a one-on-one dialogue, and the initiative is fully grasped in the hands of customers. After the transaction, the company still remained a variety of information with the customers, and may contact with each other at any time in order to understand customer satisfaction and requirements to obtain a clearer, more direct demand for information and feedback to update and innovate in products to lead the trend of market.
Brand loyalty
For customers, the brand name and brand identity can help to explain, to process, to manage and as well as to store the identification information related to products or services, and simplifying the purchase decision-making. A good brand image will help reduce customer risk, and enhance the confidence to buy. Distinctive brand can let customers get social and psychological benefits that exceed the function of the products, so as to impact on customer’s choice and preference. For the service industry, corporate brand image is more influential than the image of the packaging of product. Strong brands may help customers to make a tangible understanding of the intangible service products, and to enhance customer the trust for the intangible purchase, reduce the perceived risk of money, social and security before the purchase which are difficult to estimate, or even the value customer perceived is the brand itself.
Strong brand is which have a good adaptation to business environment and thus survive and thrive. They reached a very effective "agreement" between the customers, which cannot exceed by the competitors. to create a strong brand need a unique way to mix up all the tangible and intangible factors, that is, products or services must be of high quality and suited to the needs of customers, brand name must be attractive and in line with customer expectations on products, packaging and visual image must be attractive and distinctive, pricing and brand support and advertising must be equally attractive, suitable and different.
The basic principle for a business IT strategy is to ensure how to serve the technology business, and not vice versa. Research and business performance has been found that the more successful his IT company in line with business goals, the more profitable and only about a quarter of Management-IT companies achieve kesesejajaran with the business. Strengthen customer and supplier intimacy, is one of four generic strategies. The other generic strategies is low-cost leadership, product differentiation, and focus on market niche. Each of which often is enabled by using information technology and systems. Customer and supplier intimacy strategy use information systems to develop strong ties and loyalty with customers and suppliers. Both of its, customers and suppliers is important to firm.
Using information systems to strengthen suppliers intimacy and develop relationships with customers. Chrysler companies use information systems to facilitate direct access from the supplier to the production schedule, and even allows the supplier to decide how and when the supplier for Chrysler's factories.
Chrysler corporation
Facilitate direct access from supplier to production schedule
Allow suppliers more lead time
Strong linkages to customers and suppliers increase switching cost
Customer intimacy
Companies which committed to improving customer intimacy well aware of the importance to maintain a long-term and deep relationship with the customers, try to making continuous efforts to explore for customer relationship management. Companies to build customer intimacy mainly have the following two ways.
Customization
The core of customization is based on acceptable delivery times and price, to provide customers with personalized
products, not only to win customers but also can effectively achieve the goal of production and sales in market
competition. For customized production, most of the core is to make production and organization in accordance with the market-driven. The basic of market-driven is the details of market and market positioning, actively seeking the
satisfaction and feedback of the target market, and to integrate it into every part of the production chain. Not only clear the current demand of target customers, but also clear the potential needs of customers and meet their requirements. To introduce new products and services to customers that in customized manufacturing, the cost of achieving goods information is unprecedentedly reduced, and they can have free choice and control. Customer’s requirements of difference in the product, reasonable prices, the purchase of convenience, the service attentive and so on can directly face the producers, it achieves a one-on-one dialogue, and the initiative is fully grasped in the hands of customers. After the transaction, the company still remained a variety of information with the customers, and may contact with each other at any time in order to understand customer satisfaction and requirements to obtain a clearer, more direct demand for information and feedback to update and innovate in products to lead the trend of market.
Brand loyalty
For customers, the brand name and brand identity can help to explain, to process, to manage and as well as to store the identification information related to products or services, and simplifying the purchase decision-making. A good brand image will help reduce customer risk, and enhance the confidence to buy. Distinctive brand can let customers get social and psychological benefits that exceed the function of the products, so as to impact on customer’s choice and preference. For the service industry, corporate brand image is more influential than the image of the packaging of product. Strong brands may help customers to make a tangible understanding of the intangible service products, and to enhance customer the trust for the intangible purchase, reduce the perceived risk of money, social and security before the purchase which are difficult to estimate, or even the value customer perceived is the brand itself.
Strong brand is which have a good adaptation to business environment and thus survive and thrive. They reached a very effective "agreement" between the customers, which cannot exceed by the competitors. to create a strong brand need a unique way to mix up all the tangible and intangible factors, that is, products or services must be of high quality and suited to the needs of customers, brand name must be attractive and in line with customer expectations on products, packaging and visual image must be attractive and distinctive, pricing and brand support and advertising must be equally attractive, suitable and different.
Minggu, 31 Oktober 2010
How to Book An Airasia e-ticket via Internet
In this blog, I am going to tell you about booking an e-ticket. There are several steps to get it. Through internet, you will find an easy way to get your flight ticket without going to travel agent. Even if this is the first time for me to book an online ticket, but it was going easily. So, all you have to do is just follow the following steps. Here are the steps:
1. Search
In this first step, you should find your destiny first. Then, if you have decided where you want to go, then you should fill in whether you want to buy one-way trip or departing and return. Afterwards, if you are planning to go somewhere with more than one person, you should fill in the number of guests. If you are going to go by yourself, you can skip it. After you fill all the questions, you may click on “search” to go to the second step.
2. Select
Available flights will be displayed with the fare & travel time. Then, you may select which one you like. If there is no special need for you, you can continue your next step.
3. Guest and contact
In this step, you should fill in your contact details and personal details. After, you fill in, you may pick your seat on “pick a seat”. If you are sure with your seat, you can click on “confirm and continue”. After you fill in all the requirements, you may continue your step.
4. Payment
You should verify the total price of your flight(s) by selecting your payment method whether it is by using credit card, direct debit or e-gift voucher.
5. Itinerary
When your payment has been processed, your flight itinerary will be displayed on your screen and sent to your email.
At last, if you follow this step, I am really sure that you will not get lost. Enjoy your flight.
1. Search
In this first step, you should find your destiny first. Then, if you have decided where you want to go, then you should fill in whether you want to buy one-way trip or departing and return. Afterwards, if you are planning to go somewhere with more than one person, you should fill in the number of guests. If you are going to go by yourself, you can skip it. After you fill all the questions, you may click on “search” to go to the second step.
2. Select
Available flights will be displayed with the fare & travel time. Then, you may select which one you like. If there is no special need for you, you can continue your next step.
3. Guest and contact
In this step, you should fill in your contact details and personal details. After, you fill in, you may pick your seat on “pick a seat”. If you are sure with your seat, you can click on “confirm and continue”. After you fill in all the requirements, you may continue your step.
4. Payment
You should verify the total price of your flight(s) by selecting your payment method whether it is by using credit card, direct debit or e-gift voucher.
5. Itinerary
When your payment has been processed, your flight itinerary will be displayed on your screen and sent to your email.
At last, if you follow this step, I am really sure that you will not get lost. Enjoy your flight.
District Governments of Kutai Kartanegara
District Governments of Kutai Kartanegara will become the first in Indonesia to implement public service “e-government” systems. Data Central Office of Information and Communication Technology district government Kukar, targeting the implementation of the system is effective no later than mid-year. Information technology-based public service is based on Kepmendagri Number 24 Year 2006 on Guidelines for Implementation of One Stop Service (P3TSP). According to the Head Office of G Fachrannas Hifsi Pusdatinkom Kukar, “e-government” system that was developed in Kukar is the application of information technology to meet the needs of the community will be transparency in government public services. Technologically-based system of public service information has been initiated by Regent Kukar Syaukani HR, long before Kepmendagri No. 24 of 2006 published. Even its implementation has started dirintiswujudkan began in 2002 with a spending budget of approximately USD 100 billion more.
Since then the development of network devices that the system has continued to do until now been completed. There are 20 towers were built. In every district (18 districts) in Kukar, built a tower, plus two towers in Bukit Soeharto and Ritan. Tower Development in Bukit Soeharto, done to strengthen access to information from the coastal area Kukar. While the tower in Ritan to help network installed in Tabang, because most end of the network in the district Kukar can not be connected directly to a central network in the capital district, Tenggarong. Also in each sub-district offices and local government agencies also built the server, the frequency of each will soon be regulated. Development of public services e-government system is an attempt Pemkab Kukar accelerate work processes and institutions through the automation of administrative modernization in the field offices and services online. It is important to meet the needs of the community will be the transparency of government services online. Implementation of e-government system is also intended as a media teleconference between districts, camera monitoring, data access services, and Internet networks. Also serves as the local network of each office of government agencies. In order to implement e-government, it Pemkab Kukar also will create a website that contains complete and accurate information about Kukar, both interactive and passive. So expect to serve the information needs of the user community with quick and precise. In addition, with e-government, the public can also express an opinion on the government. In the framework of this interactive communication will be no e-mail address that will regularly read and reply so that the public could submit proposals, reprimand, or other matters concerning local government services. It is believed this system will improve efficiency and effectiveness of public services district government of Kukar.
There are some things that become obstacles or challenges in implementing E-Government in Indonesia.
1. Shared culture does not exist. Culture sharing (Sharring) information and facilitate business in Indonesia have not penetrated. There is even a proverb which says: "When can compounded why easier?". Many actors who use the opportunity difficult to get this information.
2. Document has not been prevalent culture. One major difficulty we face is the lack of customs document (anything). Whereas the ability of this document becomes part of ISO 9000 and also become part of standard software engineering.
3. Scarcity of skilled human resources. Information technology is a new field. The government generally seldom have reliable human resources in information technology. Reliable human resources is usually there in the business environment / industry. Lack of human resources has become one of inhibiting the implementation of e-government. Unfortunately lack of government capacity is often exploited by unscrupulous business by selling false solutions and expensive.
4. Inadequate infrastructure and expensive. Indonesia's telecommunication infrastructure is still not evenly distributed. In various regions in Indonesia are still not available phone lines, or even electricity. Even if all existing facilities, the price is still relatively expensive. The government also has not set up funding (budget) for this purpose.
5. Places are limited access. In line with the above points, where information access is still limited in number. In some places abroad, governments and communities work together to create an affordable access point, for example in public libraries (public library). In Indonesia, this can be done at post offices, government offices, and other public places.
Constraints on actually not only faced by the Indonesian government (or government) only.
Since then the development of network devices that the system has continued to do until now been completed. There are 20 towers were built. In every district (18 districts) in Kukar, built a tower, plus two towers in Bukit Soeharto and Ritan. Tower Development in Bukit Soeharto, done to strengthen access to information from the coastal area Kukar. While the tower in Ritan to help network installed in Tabang, because most end of the network in the district Kukar can not be connected directly to a central network in the capital district, Tenggarong. Also in each sub-district offices and local government agencies also built the server, the frequency of each will soon be regulated. Development of public services e-government system is an attempt Pemkab Kukar accelerate work processes and institutions through the automation of administrative modernization in the field offices and services online. It is important to meet the needs of the community will be the transparency of government services online. Implementation of e-government system is also intended as a media teleconference between districts, camera monitoring, data access services, and Internet networks. Also serves as the local network of each office of government agencies. In order to implement e-government, it Pemkab Kukar also will create a website that contains complete and accurate information about Kukar, both interactive and passive. So expect to serve the information needs of the user community with quick and precise. In addition, with e-government, the public can also express an opinion on the government. In the framework of this interactive communication will be no e-mail address that will regularly read and reply so that the public could submit proposals, reprimand, or other matters concerning local government services. It is believed this system will improve efficiency and effectiveness of public services district government of Kukar.
There are some things that become obstacles or challenges in implementing E-Government in Indonesia.
1. Shared culture does not exist. Culture sharing (Sharring) information and facilitate business in Indonesia have not penetrated. There is even a proverb which says: "When can compounded why easier?". Many actors who use the opportunity difficult to get this information.
2. Document has not been prevalent culture. One major difficulty we face is the lack of customs document (anything). Whereas the ability of this document becomes part of ISO 9000 and also become part of standard software engineering.
3. Scarcity of skilled human resources. Information technology is a new field. The government generally seldom have reliable human resources in information technology. Reliable human resources is usually there in the business environment / industry. Lack of human resources has become one of inhibiting the implementation of e-government. Unfortunately lack of government capacity is often exploited by unscrupulous business by selling false solutions and expensive.
4. Inadequate infrastructure and expensive. Indonesia's telecommunication infrastructure is still not evenly distributed. In various regions in Indonesia are still not available phone lines, or even electricity. Even if all existing facilities, the price is still relatively expensive. The government also has not set up funding (budget) for this purpose.
5. Places are limited access. In line with the above points, where information access is still limited in number. In some places abroad, governments and communities work together to create an affordable access point, for example in public libraries (public library). In Indonesia, this can be done at post offices, government offices, and other public places.
Constraints on actually not only faced by the Indonesian government (or government) only.
Langganan:
Postingan (Atom)