Infrastructure Components
Today’s IT infrastructure is composed of five major components: computer hardware, computer software, data management technology, networking and telecommunications technology, and technology services. These components must be coordinated with each other.
• Computer hardware consists of technology for computer processing, data storage, input, and output. This components includes large mainframes, servers, desktop, and laptops computers. And mobile devices for accessing corporate data and the internet.
• Computer software includes both system software and application software. System software manages the resources and activities of the computer and also coordinate the various parts of the computer system and mediates between application software and computer hardware. Application software applies the computer to a spesific task for an and user, such processing an order or generating a mailing list. Application software is used to develop specific business applications. The system software that manages and controls the computer is called the operating system.
• Data management technology, in addition to physical media for storing the firm’s data, businesses need specialized software to organize the data and make them available to business users.
• Networking and telecommunications technology provides data, voice and video connectivity to employees, customers and suppliers. It includes technology for running a company’s internal networks, services from telecommunications/telephone services companies, and technology for running Web sites and linking to other computer systems through the internet.
• Technology services, businesses need people to run and manage the other infrastructure components we have just described and to rain employees in how to use these technologies for their work. Today, many business supplement their in house information systems staff with external technology consultants.
Types of computers or computational
If you’re working alone with a few other people in a small business. You’ll probably be using a desktop or laptop personal computer ( PC). If you’re doing advanced design or engineering work requiring powerfull graphics capabilities, you must use a workstation. If you’re business has a numbers of computers networked together or maintains a web site, it will need a server. Server computers are specifically optimized to support a computer network, enabling users to share files, software, peripheral devices, or other network resources. A mainframe is a large capacity, high performance computer that can process large amounts of data very rapidly. A supercomputer is a specially designed and more sophisticated computer that is used for tasks requiring extremely rapid and complex calculations with thousands of variables, millions of measurements, and thousands of equations. Grid computing involves connecting geographically remote computers into a single network to create a “virtual supercomputer” by combining the computational power of all computers on the grid.
The major computer hardware, data storage, input, and outpur technologies used in business : computers categorized as mainframes, midrange computers, PCs, workstations, or supercomputers. Manframes are the larges computers, midrages computers are servers, PCs are desktop or laptop machines, workstation are desktop machines with powerful mathematical and graphic capabilities, and supercomputers are sophisticated, powerful computers that can perform massive and complex computations rapidly. Computing power can be further increased by creating a computational grid that combines the computing power of all the computers on a network. In the client/server model of computing, computer processing is split between “clients” and “servers” connected via a network.
The principal secondary storage technologies are magnetic disk, optical disk, and magnetic tape. Optical CD-ROM and DVD discs vast amounts of data compactly and some types are rewritable. Storage area networks (SANs) connect multiple storage devices on a separate high-speed network dedicated to storage. The principal input devices are keyboards, computer mice, touch screen, magnetic ink and optical character recognition devices, pen-based instruments, digital scanners, sensors, audio input devices, and radio-frequency identification devices. The principal output devices are display monitors, printers, and audio output devices.
The most important contemporary hardware and software trends:
Increasingly, computing is taking place on a mobile digital platform. Cloud computing provides hardware and software resources as services delivered over the internet. In autonomic computing, computer systems have capabilities for automatically configuring and repairing themselves. Open source software is proliferating because it allows users to modify the software at will and use it as a platform for new derivative applications.
The principal issues in managing hardware and software technology:
Managers and information systems specialists need to pay special attention to hardware capacity planning and scalability to ensure that the firm has enough computing power for its current and future needs. Businesses also need to balance the costs and benefits of building and maintaining their own hardware and software versus outsourcing or using an on-demand computing model. The total cost of ownership (TCO) of the organization’s technology assets includes not only the original cost of computer hardware and software upgrades, maintenance, technical support, and training, including the costs for managing and maintaining mobile devices. Companies with global operations need to manage software localization.
Sabtu, 27 November 2010
Sabtu, 06 November 2010
Strengthen customer and supplier intimacy
The basic principle for a business IT strategy is to ensure how to serve the technology business, and not vice versa. Research and business performance has been found that the more successful his IT company in line with business goals, the more profitable and only about a quarter of Management-IT companies achieve kesesejajaran with the business. Strengthen customer and supplier intimacy, is one of four generic strategies. The other generic strategies is low-cost leadership, product differentiation, and focus on market niche. Each of which often is enabled by using information technology and systems. Customer and supplier intimacy strategy use information systems to develop strong ties and loyalty with customers and suppliers. Both of its, customers and suppliers is important to firm.
Using information systems to strengthen suppliers intimacy and develop relationships with customers. Chrysler companies use information systems to facilitate direct access from the supplier to the production schedule, and even allows the supplier to decide how and when the supplier for Chrysler's factories.
Chrysler corporation
Facilitate direct access from supplier to production schedule
Allow suppliers more lead time
Strong linkages to customers and suppliers increase switching cost
Customer intimacy
Companies which committed to improving customer intimacy well aware of the importance to maintain a long-term and deep relationship with the customers, try to making continuous efforts to explore for customer relationship management. Companies to build customer intimacy mainly have the following two ways.
Customization
The core of customization is based on acceptable delivery times and price, to provide customers with personalized
products, not only to win customers but also can effectively achieve the goal of production and sales in market
competition. For customized production, most of the core is to make production and organization in accordance with the market-driven. The basic of market-driven is the details of market and market positioning, actively seeking the
satisfaction and feedback of the target market, and to integrate it into every part of the production chain. Not only clear the current demand of target customers, but also clear the potential needs of customers and meet their requirements. To introduce new products and services to customers that in customized manufacturing, the cost of achieving goods information is unprecedentedly reduced, and they can have free choice and control. Customer’s requirements of difference in the product, reasonable prices, the purchase of convenience, the service attentive and so on can directly face the producers, it achieves a one-on-one dialogue, and the initiative is fully grasped in the hands of customers. After the transaction, the company still remained a variety of information with the customers, and may contact with each other at any time in order to understand customer satisfaction and requirements to obtain a clearer, more direct demand for information and feedback to update and innovate in products to lead the trend of market.
Brand loyalty
For customers, the brand name and brand identity can help to explain, to process, to manage and as well as to store the identification information related to products or services, and simplifying the purchase decision-making. A good brand image will help reduce customer risk, and enhance the confidence to buy. Distinctive brand can let customers get social and psychological benefits that exceed the function of the products, so as to impact on customer’s choice and preference. For the service industry, corporate brand image is more influential than the image of the packaging of product. Strong brands may help customers to make a tangible understanding of the intangible service products, and to enhance customer the trust for the intangible purchase, reduce the perceived risk of money, social and security before the purchase which are difficult to estimate, or even the value customer perceived is the brand itself.
Strong brand is which have a good adaptation to business environment and thus survive and thrive. They reached a very effective "agreement" between the customers, which cannot exceed by the competitors. to create a strong brand need a unique way to mix up all the tangible and intangible factors, that is, products or services must be of high quality and suited to the needs of customers, brand name must be attractive and in line with customer expectations on products, packaging and visual image must be attractive and distinctive, pricing and brand support and advertising must be equally attractive, suitable and different.
The basic principle for a business IT strategy is to ensure how to serve the technology business, and not vice versa. Research and business performance has been found that the more successful his IT company in line with business goals, the more profitable and only about a quarter of Management-IT companies achieve kesesejajaran with the business. Strengthen customer and supplier intimacy, is one of four generic strategies. The other generic strategies is low-cost leadership, product differentiation, and focus on market niche. Each of which often is enabled by using information technology and systems. Customer and supplier intimacy strategy use information systems to develop strong ties and loyalty with customers and suppliers. Both of its, customers and suppliers is important to firm.
Using information systems to strengthen suppliers intimacy and develop relationships with customers. Chrysler companies use information systems to facilitate direct access from the supplier to the production schedule, and even allows the supplier to decide how and when the supplier for Chrysler's factories.
Chrysler corporation
Facilitate direct access from supplier to production schedule
Allow suppliers more lead time
Strong linkages to customers and suppliers increase switching cost
Customer intimacy
Companies which committed to improving customer intimacy well aware of the importance to maintain a long-term and deep relationship with the customers, try to making continuous efforts to explore for customer relationship management. Companies to build customer intimacy mainly have the following two ways.
Customization
The core of customization is based on acceptable delivery times and price, to provide customers with personalized
products, not only to win customers but also can effectively achieve the goal of production and sales in market
competition. For customized production, most of the core is to make production and organization in accordance with the market-driven. The basic of market-driven is the details of market and market positioning, actively seeking the
satisfaction and feedback of the target market, and to integrate it into every part of the production chain. Not only clear the current demand of target customers, but also clear the potential needs of customers and meet their requirements. To introduce new products and services to customers that in customized manufacturing, the cost of achieving goods information is unprecedentedly reduced, and they can have free choice and control. Customer’s requirements of difference in the product, reasonable prices, the purchase of convenience, the service attentive and so on can directly face the producers, it achieves a one-on-one dialogue, and the initiative is fully grasped in the hands of customers. After the transaction, the company still remained a variety of information with the customers, and may contact with each other at any time in order to understand customer satisfaction and requirements to obtain a clearer, more direct demand for information and feedback to update and innovate in products to lead the trend of market.
Brand loyalty
For customers, the brand name and brand identity can help to explain, to process, to manage and as well as to store the identification information related to products or services, and simplifying the purchase decision-making. A good brand image will help reduce customer risk, and enhance the confidence to buy. Distinctive brand can let customers get social and psychological benefits that exceed the function of the products, so as to impact on customer’s choice and preference. For the service industry, corporate brand image is more influential than the image of the packaging of product. Strong brands may help customers to make a tangible understanding of the intangible service products, and to enhance customer the trust for the intangible purchase, reduce the perceived risk of money, social and security before the purchase which are difficult to estimate, or even the value customer perceived is the brand itself.
Strong brand is which have a good adaptation to business environment and thus survive and thrive. They reached a very effective "agreement" between the customers, which cannot exceed by the competitors. to create a strong brand need a unique way to mix up all the tangible and intangible factors, that is, products or services must be of high quality and suited to the needs of customers, brand name must be attractive and in line with customer expectations on products, packaging and visual image must be attractive and distinctive, pricing and brand support and advertising must be equally attractive, suitable and different.
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